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Database functionsMicrosoft Excel Function Reference
* = Included in Analysis ToolPak
Database functions
DAVERAGE(database,field,criteria)
Averages the values in a column in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
DCOUNT(database,field,criteria)
Counts the cells that contain numbers in a column in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
DCOUNTA(database,field,criteria)
Counts all of the nonblank cells in a column in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
DGET(database,field,criteria)
Extracts a single value from a column in a list or database that matches conditions you specify.
DMAX(database,field,criteria)
Returns the largest number in a column in a list or database that matches conditions you specify.
DMIN(database,field,criteria)
Returns the smallest number in a column in a list or database that matches conditions you specify.
DPRODUCT(database,field,criteria)
Multiplies the values in a column in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
DSUM(database,field,criteria)
Adds the numbers in a column in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
GETPIVOTDATA(pivot_table,name)
Returns data stored in a PivotTable report. You can use GETPIVOTDATA to retrieve summary data from a PivotTable report, provided the summary data is visible in the report.
Date and time functions
DATE(year,month,day)
Returns the serial number that represents a particular date.
DATEDIF(start_date,end_date,unit)
Calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates. This function is provided for compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.
DATEVALUE(date_text)
Returns the serial number of the date represented by date_text. Use DATEVALUE to convert a date represented by text to a serial number.
DAY(serial_number)
Returns the day of a date, represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1 to 31.
DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
Returns the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months), which is used in some accounting calculations. Use this function to help compute payments if your accounting system is based on twelve 30-day months.
EDATE(start_date,months)*
Returns the serial number that represents the date that is the indicated number of months before or after a specified date (the start_date). Use EDATE to calculate maturity dates or due dates that fall on the same day of the month as the date of issue.
EOMONTH(start_date,months)*
Returns the serial number for the last day of the month that is the indicated number of months before or after start_date. Use EOMONTH to calculate maturity dates or due dates that fall on the last day of the month.
HOUR(serial_number)
Returns the hour of a time value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00 P.M.).
MINUTE(serial_number)
Returns the minutes of a time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.
MONTH(serial_number)
Returns the month of a date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,holidays)*
Returns the number of whole working days between start_date and end_date. Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified in holidays. Use NETWORKDAYS to calculate employee benefits that accrue based on the number of days worked during a specific term.
NOW( )
Returns the serial number of the current date and time.
SECOND(serial_number)
Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.
TIME(hour,minute,second)
Returns the decimal number for a particular time. The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 A.M.) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).
TIMEVALUE(time_text)
Returns the decimal number of the time represented by a text string. The decimal number is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 A.M.) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).
TODAY( )
Returns the serial number of the current date. The serial number is the date-time code used by Microsoft Excel for date and time calculations.
WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)
Returns the day of the week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday), by default.
WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type)*
Returns a number that indicates where the week falls numerically within a year.
WORKDAY(start_date,days,holidays)*
Returns a number that represents a date that is the indicated number of working days before or after a date (the starting date). Working days exclude weekends and any dates identified as holidays. Use WORKDAY to exclude weekends or holidays when you calculate invoice due dates, expected delivery times, or the number of days of work performed. To view the number as a date, click Cells on the Format menu, click Date in the Category box, and then click a date format in the Type box.
YEAR(serial_number)
Returns the year corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range 1900-9999.
YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis)*
Calculates the fraction of the year represented by the number of whole days between two dates (the start_date and the end_date). Use the YEARFRAC worksheet function to identify the proportion of a whole year's benefits or obligations to assign to a specific term.
Engineering functions
BIN2DEC(number)*
Converts a binary number to decimal.
BIN2HEX(number,places)*
Converts a binary number to hexadecimal.
BIN2OCT(number,places)*
Converts a binary number to octal.
CONVERT(number,from_unit,to_unit)*
Converts a number from one measurement system to another. For example, CONVERT can translate a table of distances in miles to a table of distances in kilometers.
DEC2BIN(number,places)*
Converts a decimal number to binary.
DEC2HEX(number,places)*
Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal.
DEC2OCT(number,places)*
Converts a decimal number to octal.
HEX2BIN(number,places)*
Converts a hexadecimal number to binary.
HEX2DEC(number)*
Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal.
Financial functions
ACCRINT(issue,first_interest,settlement,rate,par,frequency,basis)*
Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest.
ACCRINTM(issue,maturity,rate,par,basis)*
Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity.
AMORDEGRC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)*
Returns the depreciation for each accounting period. This function is provide for the French accounting system. If an asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting period, the prorated depreciation is taken into account. The function is similar to AMORLINC, except that a depreciation coefficient is applied in the calculation depending on the life of the assets.
AMORLINC(cost,date_purchased,first_period,salvage,period,rate,basis)
Returns the depreciation for each accounting period. This function is provided for the French accounting system. If an asset is purchased in the middle of the accounting period, the prorated depreciation is taken into account.
COUPDAYBS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date.
COUPDAYS(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date.
COUPDAYSNC(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date.
COUPNCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns a number that represents the next coupon date after the settlement date. To view the number as a date, click Cells on the Format menu, click Date in the Category box, and then click a date format in the Type box.
COUPNUM(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns the number of coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date, rounded up to the nearest whole coupon.
COUPPCD(settlement,maturity,frequency,basis)*
Returns a number that represents the previous coupon date before the settlement date. To view the number as a date, click Cells on the Format menu, click Date in the Category box, and then click a date format in the Type box.
CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)*
Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan between start_period and end_period.
CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type)*
Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period.
DB(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.
DDB(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)
Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method or some other method you specify.
DISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)*
Returns the discount rate for a security.
DOLLARDE(fractional_dollar,fraction)*
Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction into a dollar price expressed as a decimal number. Use DOLLARDE to convert fractional dollar numbers, such as securities prices, to decimal numbers.
DOLLARFR(decimal_dollar,fraction)*
Converts a dollar price expressed as a decimal number into a dollar price expressed as a fraction. Use DOLLARFR to convert decimal numbers to fractional dollar numbers, such as securities prices.
DURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon yld,frequency,basis)*
Returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par value of $100. Duration is defined as the weighted average of the present value of the cash flows and is used as a measure of a bond price's response to changes in yield.
EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery)*
Returns the effective annual interest rate, given the nominal annual interest rate and the number of compounding periods per year.
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)*
Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates. Use FVSCHEDULE to calculate future value of an investment with a variable or adjustable rate.
INTRATE(settlement,maturity,investment,redemption,basis)*
Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security.
IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
Returns the interest payment for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate. For a more complete description of the arguments in IPMT and for more information about annuity functions, see PV.
IRR(values,guess)
Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in values. These cash flows do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity. However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as monthly or annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an investment consisting of payments (negative values) and income (positive values) that occur at regular periods.
ISPMT(rate,per,nper,pv)
Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment. This function is provided for compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.
MDURATION(settlement,maturity,coupon,yld,frequency,basis)*
Returns the modified duration for a security with an assumed par value of $100.
MIRR(values,finance_rate,reinvest_rate)
Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers both the cost of the investment and the interest received on reinvestment of cash.
NOMINAL(effect_rate,npery)*
Returns the nominal annual interest rate, given the effective rate and the number of compounding periods per year.
NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type)
Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
Calculates the net present value of an investment by using a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values) and income (positive values).
ODDFPRICE(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the price per $100 face value of a security having an odd (short or long) first period.
ODDFYIELD(settlement,maturity,issue,first_coupon,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the yield of a security that has an odd (short or long) first period.
ODDLPRICE(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the price per $100 face value of a security having an odd (short or long) last coupon period.
ODDLYIELD(settlement,maturity,last_interest,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the yield of a security that has an odd (short or long) last period.
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
Returns the payment on the principal for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
PRICE(settlement,maturity,rate,yld,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays periodic interest.
PRICEDISC(settlement,maturity,discount,redemption,basis)*
Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security.
PRICEMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,yld,basis)*
Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays interest at maturity.
PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
Returns the present value of an investment. The present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan amount is the present value to the lender.
RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity. RATE is calculated by iteration and can have zero or more solutions. If the successive results of RATE do not converge to within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE returns the #NUM! error value.
RECEIVED(settlement,maturity,investment,discount,basis)*
Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.
SLN(cost,salvage,life)
Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period.
SYD(cost,salvage,life,per)
Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period.
TBILLEQ(settlement,maturity,discount)*
Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill.
TBILLPRICE(settlement,maturity,discount)*
Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill.
TBILLYIELD(settlement,maturity,pr)*
Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.
VDB(cost,salvage,life,start_period,end_period,factor,no_switch)
Returns the depreciation of an asset for any period you specify, including partial periods, using the double-declining balance method or some other method you specify. VDB stands for variable declining balance.
XIRR(values,dates,guess)*
Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To calculate the internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows, use the IRR function.
XNPV(rate,values,dates)*
Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic. To calculate the net present value for a series of cash flows that is periodic, use the NPV function.
YIELD(settlement,maturity,rate,pr,redemption,frequency,basis)*
Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest. Use YIELD to calculate bond yield.
YIELDDISC(settlement,maturity,pr,redemption,basis)*
Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.
YIELDMAT(settlement,maturity,issue,rate,pr,basis)*
Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity.
Information functions
CELL(info_type,reference)
Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of the upper-left cell in a reference.
COUNTBLANK(range)
Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells.
INFO(type_text)
Returns information about the current operating environment.
ISBLANK(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to an empty cell.
ISERROR(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to any error value (#N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?, or #NULL!).
ISERR(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to any error value except #N/A.
ISEVEN(number)*
Returns TRUE if number is even, or FALSE if number is odd.
ISLOGICAL(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to a logical value.
ISNA(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to the #N/A (value not available) error value.
ISNONTEXT(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to any item that is not text. (Note that this function returns TRUE if value refers to a blank cell.)
ISNUMBER(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to a number.
ISODD(number)*
Returns TRUE if number is odd, or FALSE if number is even.
ISREF(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to a reference.
ISTEXT(value)
Returns TRUE if Value refers to text.
N(value)
Returns a value converted to a number.
NA( )
Returns the error value #N/A. #N/A is the error value that means “no value is available.” Use NA to mark empty cells. By entering #N/A in cells where you are missing information, you can avoid the problem of unintentionally including empty cells in your calculations. (When a formula refers to a cell containing #N/A, the formula returns the #N/A error value.)
Logical functions
AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more arguments is FALSE.
FALSE( )
Returns the logical value FALSE.
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
Returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
NOT(logical)
Reverses the value of its argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one particular value.
OR(logical1,logical2,...)
Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE.
TRUE( )
Returns the logical value TRUE.
Lookup functions
ADDRESS(row_num,column_num,abs_num,a1,sheet_text)
Creates a cell address as text, given specified row and column numbers.
AREAS(reference)
Returns the number of areas in a reference. An area is a range of contiguous cells or a single cell.
CHOOSE(index_num,value1,value2,...)
Uses index_num to return a value from the list of value arguments. Use CHOOSE to select one of up to 29 values based on the index number. For example, if value1 through value7 are the days of the week, CHOOSE returns one of the days when a number between 1 and 7 is used as index_num.
COLUMN(reference)
Returns the column number of the given reference.
COLUMNS(array)
Returns the number of columns in an array or reference.
HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)
Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array of values, and then returns a value in the same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to find.
HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)
Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an intranet, or the Internet. When you click the cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file stored at link_location.
INDEX(array,row_num,column_num)
Returns the value of a specified cell or array of cells within array.
INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num)
Returns a reference to a specified cell or cells within reference.
INDIRECT(ref_text,a1)
Returns the reference specified by a text string. References are immediately evaluated to display their contents. Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell within a formula without changing the formula itself.
LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector)
Returns a value either from a one-row or one-column range. This vector form of LOOKUP looks in a one-row or one-column range (known as a vector) for a value and returns a value from the same position in a second one-row or one-column range. Included for compatibility with other worksheets. Use VLOOKUP instead.
LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
Returns a value from an array. The array form of LOOKUP looks in the first row or column of an array for the specified value and returns a value from the same position in the last row or column of the array. Included for compatibility with other spreadsheet programs. Use VLOOKUP instead.
MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type)
Returns the relative position of an item in an array that matches a specified value in a specified order. Use MATCH instead of one of the LOOKUP functions when you need the position of an item in a range instead of the item itself.
OFFSET(reference,rows,cols,height,width)
Returns a reference to a range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of cells. The reference that is returned can be a single cell or a range of cells. You can specify the number of rows and the number of columns to be returned.
ROW(reference)
Returns the row number of a reference.
ROWS(array)
Returns the number of rows in a reference or array.
RTD(ProgID,Server,Topic,[Topic2],…)
New in Excel XP – Retrieves real-time data from a program that supports COM automation.
TRANSPOSE(array)
Returns a vertical range of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa. TRANSPOSE must be entered as an array formula in a range that has the same number of rows and columns, respectively, as array has columns and rows. Use TRANSPOSE to shift the vertical and horizontal orientation of an array on a worksheet. For example, some functions, such as LINEST, return horizontal arrays. LINEST returns a horizontal array of the slope and Y-intercept for a line.
VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup)
Searches for a value in the leftmost column of a table, and then returns a value in the same row from a column you specify in the table. Use VLOOKUP instead of HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to find.
Math functions
ABS(number)
Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.
CEILING(number,significance)
Returns number rounded up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance. For example, if you want to avoid using pennies in your prices and your product is priced at $4.42, use the formula =CEILING(4.42,0.05) to round prices up to the nearest nickel.
COMBIN(number,number_chosen)
Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items. Use COMBIN to determine the total possible number of groups for a given number of items.
COUNTIF(range,criteria)
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.
EVEN(number)
Returns number rounded up to the nearest even integer. You can use this function for processing items that come in twos. For example, a packing crate accepts rows of one or two items. The crate is full when the number of items, rounded up to the nearest two, matches the crate's capacity.
EXP(number)
Returns e raised to the power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828182845904, the base of the natural logarithm.
FACT(number)
Returns the factorial of a number. The factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...* number.
FLOOR(number,significance)
Rounds number down, toward zero, to the nearest multiple of significance.
GCD(number1,number2, ...)*
Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers. The greatest common divisor is the largest integer that divides both number1 and number2 without a remainder.
INT(number)
Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
LCM(number1,number2, ...)*
Returns the least common multiple of integers. The least common multiple is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of all integer arguments number1, number2, and so on. Use LCM to add fractions with different denominators.
MOD(number,divisor)
Returns the remainder after number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.
MROUND(number,multiple)*
Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple.
ODD(number)
Returns number rounded up to the nearest odd integer.
PI( )
Returns the number 3.14159265358979, the mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits.
POWER(number,power)
Returns the result of a number raised to a power.
PRODUCT(number1,number2, ...)
Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product.
QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)*
Returns the integer portion of a division. Use this function when you want to discard the remainder of a division.
RAND( )
Returns an evenly distributed random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. A new random number is returned every time the worksheet is calculated.
RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top)*
Returns a random number between the numbers you specify. A new random number is returned every time the worksheet is calculated.
ROMAN(number,form)
Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text.
ROUND(number,num_digits)
Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
Rounds a number down, toward zero.
ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
Rounds a number up, away from 0 (zero).
SIGN(number)
Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the number is positive, zero (0) if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is negative.
SQRT(number)
Returns a positive square root.
SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,ref2,...)
Returns a subtotal in a list or database. It is generally easier to create a list with subtotals using the Subtotals command (Data menu). Once the subtotal list is created, you can modify it by editing the SUBTOTAL function.
SUM(number1,number2, ...)
Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.
SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
Adds the cells specified by a given criteria.
SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,array3, ...)
Multiplies corresponding components in the given arrays, and returns the sum of those products.
TRUNC(number,num_digits)
Truncates a number to an integer by removing the fractional part of the number.
Statistical functions
AVEDEV(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean. AVEDEV is a measure of the variability in a data set.
AVERAGE(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.
AVERAGEA(value1,value2,...)
Calculates the average (arithmetic mean) of the values in the list of arguments. In addition to numbers, text and logical values such as TRUE and FALSE are included in the calculation.
CORREL(array1,array2)
Returns the correlation coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges. Use the correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between two properties. For example, you can examine the relationship between a location's average temperature and the use of air conditioners.
COUNT(value1,value2, ...)
Counts the number of cells that contain numbers and numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the number of entries in a number field in a range or array of numbers.
COUNTA(value1,value2, ...)
Counts the number of cells that are not empty and the values within the list of arguments. Use COUNTA to count the number of cells that contain data in a range or array.
FORECAST(x,known_y's,known_x's)
Calculates, or predicts, a future value by using existing values. The predicted value is a y-value for a given x-value. The known values are existing x-values and y-values, and the new value is predicted by using linear regression. You can use this function to predict future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer trends.
FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
Calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a vertical array of numbers. For example, use FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores that fall within ranges of scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as an array formula.
GEOMEAN(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the geometric mean of an array or range of positive data. For example, you can use GEOMEAN to calculate average growth rate given compound interest with variable rates.
GROWTH(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
Calculates predicted exponential growth by using existing data. GROWTH returns the y-values for a series of new x-values that you specify by using existing x-values and y-values. You can also use the GROWTH worksheet function to fit an exponential curve to existing x-values and y-values.
INTERCEPT(known_y's,known_x's)
Calculates the point at which a line will intersect the y-axis by using existing x-values and y-values. The intercept point is based on a best-fit regression line plotted through the known x-values and known y-values. Use the intercept when you want to determine the value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is 0 (zero). For example, you can use the INTERCEPT function to predict a metal's electrical resistance at 0°C when your data points were taken at room temperature and higher.
LARGE(array,k)
Returns the k-th largest value in a data set. You can use this function to select a value based on its relative standing. For example, you can use LARGE to return the highest, runner-up, or third-place score.
LINEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
Calculates the statistics for a line by using the “least squares” method to calculate a straight line that best fits your data, and returns an array that describes the line. Because this function returns an array of values, it must be entered as an array formula.
LOGEST(known_y's,known_x's,const,stats)
In regression analysis, calculates an exponential curve that fits your data and returns an array of values that describes the curve. Because this function returns an array of values, it must be entered as an array formula.
MAX(number1,number2,...)
Returns the largest value in a set of values.
MAXA(value1,value2,...)
Returns the largest value in a list of arguments. Text and logical values such as TRUE and FALSE are compared as well as numbers.
MEDIAN(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the median of the given numbers. The median is the number in the middle of a set of numbers; that is, half the numbers have values that are greater than the median, and half have values that are less.
MIN(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the smallest number in a set of values.
MINA(value1,value2,...)
Returns the smallest value in the list of arguments. Text and logical values such as TRUE and FALSE are compared as well as numbers.
MODE(number1,number2, ...)
Returns the most frequently occurring, or repetitive, value in an array or range of data. Like MEDIAN, MODE is a location measure.
NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
Returns the normal cumulative distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. This function has a very wide range of applications in statistics, including hypothesis testing.
PERCENTILE(array,k)
Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range. You can use this function to establish a threshold of acceptance. For example, you can decide to examine candidates who score above the 90th percentile.
PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance)
Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage of the data set. This function can be used to evaluate the relative standing of a value within a data set. For example, you can use PERCENTRANK to evaluate the standing of an aptitude test score among all scores for the test.
PERMUT(number,number_chosen)
Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects that can be selected from number objects. A permutation is any set or subset of objects or events where internal order is significant. Permutations are different from combinations, for which the internal order is not significant. Use this function for lottery-style probability calculations.
PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,upper_limit)
Returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits. If upper_limit is not supplied, returns the probability that values in x_range are equal to lower_limit.
QUARTILE(array,quart)
Returns the quartile of a data set. Quartiles often are used in sales and survey data to divide populations into groups. For example, you can use QUARTILE to find the top 25 percent of incomes in a population.
RANK(number,ref,order)
Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers. The rank of a number is its size relative to other values in a list. (If you were to sort the list, the rank of the number would be its position.)
SLOPE(known_y's,known_x's)
Returns the slope of the linear regression line through data points in known_y's and known_x's. The slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance between any two points on the line, which is the rate of change along the regression line.
SMALL(array,k)
Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use this function to return values with a particular relative standing in a data set.
STDEV(number1,number2,...)
Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).
TREND(known_y's,known_x's,new_x's,const)
Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a straight line (using the method of least squares) to the arrays known_y's and known_x's. Returns the y-values along that line for the array of new_x's that you specify.
TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
Returns the mean of the interior of a data set. TRIMMEAN calculates the mean taken by excluding a percentage of data points from the top and bottom tails of a data set. You can use this function when you wish to exclude outlying data from your analysis.
VAR(number1,number2,...)
Estimates variance based on a sample.
Text and data functions
ASC(text)
Changes full-width (double-byte) English letters or katakana within a character string to half-width (single-byte) characters.
CHAR(number)
Returns the character specified by a number. Use CHAR to translate code page numbers you might get from files on other types of computers into characters.
CLEAN(text)
Removes all nonprintable characters from text. Use CLEAN on text imported from other applications that contains characters that may not print with your operating system. For example, you can use CLEAN to remove some low-level computer code that is frequently at the beginning and end of data files and cannot be printed.
CODE(text)
Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the character set used by your computer.
CONCATENATE(text1,text2,...)
Joins several text strings into one text string.
DOLLAR(number,decimals)
Converts a number to text using currency format, with the decimals rounded to the specified place. The format used is $#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00).
EXACT(text1,text2)
Compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they are exactly the same, FALSE otherwise. EXACT is case-sensitive but ignores formatting differences. Use EXACT to test text being entered into a document.
FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
FIND finds one text string (find_text) within another text string (within_text), and returns the number of the starting position of find_text, from the first character of within_text. You can also use SEARCH to find one text string within another, but unlike SEARCH, FIND is case sensitive and doesn't allow wildcard characters.
FIXED(number,decimals,no_commas)
Rounds a number to the specified number of decimals, formats the number in decimal format using a period and commas, and returns the result as text.
LEFT(text,num_chars)
LEFT returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
LEN(text)
LEN returns the number of characters in a text string.
LOWER(text)
Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase.
MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
MID returns a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at the position you specify, based on the number of characters you specify.
PROPER(text)
Capitalizes the first letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase letters.
REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)
REPLACE replaces part of a text string, based on the number of characters you specify, with a different text string.
REPT(text,number_times)
Repeats text a given number of times. Use REPT to fill a cell with a number of instances of a text string.
RIGHT(text,num_chars)
RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify.
SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
SEARCH returns the number of the character at which a specific character or text string is first found, beginning with start_num. Use SEARCH to determine the location of a character or text string within another text string so that you can use the MID or REPLACE functions to change the text.
SUBSTITUTE(text,old_text,new_text,instance_num)
Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string. Use SUBSTITUTE when you want to replace specific text in a text string; use REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location in a text string.
T(value)
Returns the text referred to by value.
TEXT(value,format_text)
Converts a value to text in a specific number format.
TRIM(text)
Removes all spaces from text except for single spaces between words. Use TRIM on text that you have received from another application that may have irregular spacing.
UPPER(text)
Converts text to uppercase.
VALUE(text)
Converts a text string that represents a number to a number.